Kua tino piki te whakawhirinaki o te ao ki ngā pokapū raraunga. Ka pēhea te ngaru o te hanga hiko mā te hau e rūrū ai i te āhuatanga pūngao o Ōhia?

Ko te horahanga o te AI me te mahi rorohiko ā-kapua puta noa i te ao kei te tuhituhi anō i te mahere pūngao. I te Hōngongoi i te tau 2026, i hainatia e Kodiak Gas Services, kei Texas tōna wāhi nui, tētahi whakaaetanga rautaki maha-tau me Baker Hughes, te kamupene hangarau pūngao, mō te whakarato taputapu whakaputa hiko ki ngā pokapū raraunga me ngā hanganga pūngao o Amerika. Ka taea e te kete taputapu tuatahi te whakaputa i te kaha tata ki te 1GW, ā, ka ū katoa i mua i te tau 2030; ko te rahi katoa o te mahi tahi ka eke pea ki te 1.8GW. Ka whakamahia e te kaupapa ngā pūkaha hurihuri hau NovaLT 16 me Frame 5, tae atu ki ngā kaiwhakaputa hiko BRUSH, hei whakautu i te tūroa o te tūhono ki te whatunga me ngā āraitanga o te kaha o te whatunga hiko.

Ko te āhua nei he kaupapa ā-motu noa iho tēnei nō Amerika, engari, kei muri i a ia te pikinga tere o te hiahia hiko puta noa i te ao, me te noho o te tikanga ‘whakaputa hiko i muri i te mita’ (behind-the-meter) hei paerewa mō ngā hanganga hou. Mā tēnei nekehanga e mārama ake ai ki ngā panoni kei te puta i roto i te ahumahi hanganga pūngao, ā, hei tohu hoki mō te rohe o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa kia whakatauritea ai te tipuranga, te mārōtanga, me te whakawhiti ki te kore tuku waro i te ao matihiko.

Te Horopaki: Te Mānukanuka o te Hiko ā-Ao i Muri i te Whakaaetanga a Amerika

I ngā wā o mua, ka hono ngā whare hiko nunui ki te whatunga tuku hiko ngaohiko teitei, kātahi ka tohatohahia e ngā umanga ratonga ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. Heoi, he nui noa atu te tere o te hanganga o ngā pokapū raraunga nui i te hurihanga whakapai o te whatunga hiko; nā reira, he maha ngā kaupapa e whanga ana mō ngā tau ki te whai wāhi ki te tūhono. Ko te mahi tahi a Kodiak rāua ko Baker Hughes e arotahi ana ki te whakawhiwhi hiko ‘i muri i te mita’ (behind-the-meter), arā, te whakaputa hiko ki te taha o te kaiwhakamahi, kia karo ai i ngā āraitanga o te tuku me te tohatoha hiko. I kī tika te tiamana o Baker Hughes, a Lorenzo Simonelli, i roto i te pānui, nā te kaha o te whakawhānui o ngā hanganga matihiko, me whai rawa te mākete i ngā otinga hiko ngāwari e taea ai te whakatinana i te wā poto.

Ki ngā kamupene hangarau e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hiko pūmau, he pai te whakamahi i ngā pūkaha hurihuri hau nā te mea he tere te whakatuwhera, he pūmau te putanga, ā, he iti ake te waro i roto; nā reira ka noho hei whiringa whaihua mō te whakatutuki i ngā kawenga mahi rorohiko. Ehara tēnei whakaaetanga i te take tūtahi; e whakaatu ana ia i tētahi ia whānui o te ahumahi: me tārai he taupua hou i waenga i te whatunga hiko me ngā tono a ngā kaiwhakamahi whakamutunga, ā, ko te hau māori e mahi nei hei piriti i taua wā.

Ngā Pānga ā-Rohe: Te Orooro ā-Rohe o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa

He nui te rerekētanga o ngā taumata whiwhinga moni, o ngā rawa māori, otirā o ngā wāhanga whanaketanga o ngā whatunga hiko i waenga i ngā whenua o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Heoi anō, e toru ngā raruraru hanganga e pā ana ki te rohe katoa: te tawhito o ngā hanganga hiko, te piki haere o te ōwehenga o te pūngao whakahoutia e hono ana ki te whatunga, me ngā kawenga hou i ahu mai i te ōhanga matihiko e tipu ana. Nā reira, ka tau pea te tikanga whakaputa hiko i muri i te mita, i ahu mai i Amerika, ki Ahitereiria me Aotearoa; engari, mō ngā whenua moutere o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, he rite ake ki te whakaata e whakaatu ana i tō rātou whakaraerae ki te whiwhi pūtea pūngao me te kōwhiri hangarau.

Ahitereiria: Te Kaha o te Hau Māori me te Urutaunga o te Whakaputa Hiko i Muri i te Mita

Ko Ahitereiria tētahi o ngā kaikawhiu LNG matua o te ao. Ka taea tonu e ngā rawa hau māori o te tai rāwhiti te whakamahi hei whakaputa hiko mā te whenua ake, engari he teitei ngā utu o te mākete ā-motu, ā, kua roa ngā tautohe kaupapahere e pā ana ki te aukati rānei i ngā kawe ki waho, kia nui ake ai te wātea ki te mākete o roto. Nā te tipu nui noa atu o ngā pokapū raraunga, tērā pea ki ngā taha o Sydney me Melbourne, kua ākina ngā kaiwhakamahi pūngao nui kia whakaaro anō ki ā rātou mahere whakarato hiko pūmau. Kua whakatūria kētia e ngā taniwha keri kōhuke ngā whare hiko hau ki ngā wāhi keri mamao hei whakawhiwhi hiko ki ngā taraka me te whatunga hiko. Ko ngā kaiwhakahaere pokapū raraunga pea te rōpū kaiwhakamahi nui e whai ake nei mō te whakaputa hiko i muri i te mita.Kei Ahitereiria te whatunga ratonga hinu me te hau māori kua pakari a Baker Hughes; ā, ka taea pea e ana taputapu me tana pūnaha tiaki te tautoko i te whakaaetanga o tēnei tauira ki te whenua. Ko te wheako o Kodiak e whakaatu ana ka taea e ngā kaiwhakarato tuatoru te kōkiri i te pūtea, te hanga me te whakahaere pae-roa, kia aro ai ngā kaiwhakamahi i waho atu o te ahumahi hiko ki ā rātou mahi matua. Mēnā ka uru tēnei tauira pakihi ki Ahitereiria, ka whakaputaina ētahi pānga ōhanga maha: tuatahi, ka piki ake te uara o ngā mahi o raro o te hau māori, mai i te kaweake rawa ki te whakaputa i ngā "ratonga hiko whakautu tere"; tuarua, ka whakaitihia te taumaha o te haumi ki ngā raina tuku hiko, ka poto ake te wā ki te whakarewa i ngā pokapū raraunga, ā, ka kaha ake te kukume o Ahitereiria hei pokapū matihiko o te rohe; tuatoru, ka whakapiki i ngā tūranga mahi mātai hangarau ā-rohe.

Aotearoa: te uara manahau o te hiko urutau

E tata ana ki te 80 ōrau o te pūnaha hiko o Aotearoa e ahu mai ana i ngā puna wai whakahou, engari i ngā raumati maroke he nui ngā wā ka iti te hiko wai, ka kake ai te utu o te hiko i te mākete. I te nui haere o te whakaurunga o te hiko hau me te hiko rā ki te pūnaha, ka heke iho te pūngao whakapūmau me te kaha piki tere o te pūnaha; he mea nui tonu ngā whare hiko hau māori hei whakatutuki i ngā wā tino nui o te hiahia hiko. Ahakoa kua akiaki te kāwanatanga o Aotearoa i ngā tau tata nei i te rokiroki hiko, he roa te wā hanga o aua mahi; engari ko ngā pūkaha hurihuri hau māori e taea ana te neke, ka tere te whakatū, hei tautoko ohotata mō ngā wāhi matua o Te Waipounamu me Te Ika-a-Māui. He nui hoki te tipu o ngā pokapū raraunga i Tāmaki Makaurau; ki te pā te mate hiko ki te "haumaru o te kaha rorohiko", ka aro tonu ngā kaiwhakahaere ki ngā whakairinga hau māori i ō rātou ake wāhi.

Heoi, e kaha ana te here a te kaupapa here o Aotearoa mō ngā whakatupuranga hiko wahie mātātoka hou; me whakatutuki e ngā kamupene ā rātou whāinga tukunga waro mā te whakamahi i ngā wāhi pupuri waro, i te hau koiora rānei. Nō reira, he iti iho te tūpono o te kawe mai i tētahi tauira pērā i tō Amerika ki Aotearoa i tō Ahitereiria, engari ko tōna mātāpono—arā, kia whai ngā kiritaki matua i tā rātou ake "rahi hiko urutau" hei whakamāmā i te taumaha o te whatunga hiko tūmatanui—me whakaaroarohia e ngā kaiwaihanga kaupapa here.

Ngā Moutere o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa: ngā wero o te tawhiti me te rahi

Mō te nuinga o ngā whenua moutere o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ehara te whakaputa hiko mā te hau māori i te mea hōu, engari kua herea tonu te ara hangarau e te utu kawemai me te uaua o te penapena me te kawe. He iti te rahi o ngā whenua o ngā moutere, ā, he marara te taupori; he iti noa te hiahia ki te whakatū i ngā pokapū raraunga tino nui ki reira. Heoi, nā te hiahia o ngā kaipupuri moni o te ao ki te "infrastructure as a service", ka tūpono te hono o ngā pūkaha hau māori iti kua hangaia hei wāhanga me ngā whatunga iti hiko whakahou, hei whakatika i te kore pūmau o te hiko rā, hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te tuku hiko ki ngā rohe tuawhenua. Engari he nui rawa te anga taumata 1.8GW mō tētahi whenua moutere kotahi; ko te huarahi e whai hua ake ai pea, ka whakamahia e ngā umanga pūtea whakawhanake ā-rohe hei hoahoa i ngā kaupapa hoko hiko whakaranu, hei whakaiti i te tino whakawhirinaki ki te tīhira. Ko ngā kaupapa honohono ā-rohe, pērā i te taura o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ka whakaohooho hoki i te hiahia ki te hiko pūmau, engari me ngāwari ake te rahi o ngā whare hiko.Mai i te tirohanga whānui, kāore i ōrite te hīranga o tēnei ngaru whakatipu hiko hau ki ngā whenua o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. He nui ngā rawa hau māori i Ahitereiria, me te noho tahi o ngā ahumahi kaha whakapau hiko me ngā hanganga matihiko, nō reira ko ia te whenua tino tata ki te whakatauira i te tauira pakihi “whakaputa hiko tere”. Ko tana wero, ko ngā herenga āhuarangi — mēnā ka herea roa ngā rawa hau, ka piki ake te tūpono mōrearea o te whakawhiti. Ko Aotearoa, i te nuinga o ngā tau, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hiko wai, ā, he “inihua” noa iho te hau; mā tēnei ahuatanga hou e arotake anō ai ngā kaiwhakatau i te utu o te inihua. Kāore i te rawaka ngā whatunga paipa hau o ngā motu o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ā, he tino whakawhirinaki te kawemai i te hau māori whakawairewa ki ngā utu ā-ao, nō reira ka aro nui rātou ki te mea, ka taea rānei e tēnei hangarau te whakaiti ki te rahi o te ipu mā te aratau kore-whatunga, hei whakarato hiko ārahina e taea te neke.

Ngā ia roa: He piriti, he ārai rānei?

Mai i te tirohanga o te ao, e tautohetia ana te tūranga o te whakaputa hiko hau i roto i ngā ara roa ki te kore-tukunga. E whakaaro ana te International Energy Agency me te nuinga o ngā whenua mema o te OECD, ko ngā whare hiko hau kāore i te hopu waro me te rokiroki waro, he otinga whakawhiti, ehara i te whakamutunga. Engari kei te whakarerekē te hiahia o ngā pokapū raraunga i te wātaka: me tīmata ngā whakaurunga i roto i te 3–5 tau, engari kāore anō ngā pūnaha hauwai waro-iti me te rokiroki hiko wā-roa kia tau ki te mākete i te rahi e hiahiatia ana. Nō reira, i roto i ngā tau e 5–10, ka puta tonu te hiko hau hei “kaiwhakataurite” i Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, inā koa ki Ahitereiria me Aotearoa. Ko te pātai, mēnā ka whakatakotoria e ngā whenua tētahi wātaka whakamutu, ā, mā ngā tikanga utu waro e whakauru ai ngā utu taiao. Mēnā ka āta whakamāramatia ngā tikanga, kia noho te hau hei taputapu ngāwari hei tautoko i te nui o ngā pūngao whakahou, kaua hei whakakapi i ngā haumitanga ki te pūngao mā, ka whai hua pai tēnei hangarau i te ōhanga ā-rohe.

Mō ngā moutere o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ko te aronga whai pūmanawa roa ake, ko te whakakotahi mā ngā tikanga āwhina pūngao ā-rohe, te tohatoha i ngā rawa kawe hau me te whakaputa hiko e rewa ana i runga moana, me te whakamahi i ngā pūtea a ngā peeke whakawhanake maha hei whakaiti i te mōrearea whakawhiti. Mai i te tirohanga tauhokohoko whānui o te ao, ko te tūnga o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa hei rohe kaweake hau, ka whai hua anō ia i roto i ngā whiriwhiringa tōrangapū pūngao o te ao, engari me whakatau he aha ngā rawa hei tuku mō te ao, ā, he aha kia pūrihia mō ngā ahumahi uara-nui ā-roto.

Whakatepe: He aha te tikanga mō te ōhanga o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa

Ko te kirimana hoko pūkaha hau o te mākete o Amerika, i te tino take, he whakahoutanga tauira mō te hē o te tuku me te hiahia pūngao o te ao. Kāore e taea e ngā whenua o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa te wareware i ngā tohu o tēnei kōrero: ko te nui o te hiko e wātea ana me te tere o te hora hiko, kua noho hei kaha whakataetae matua o te ōhanga matihiko. Mā te uru a Ahitereiria ki te mekameka ahumahi hou i te wā tika, ka taea te toro atu i te painga o tana hau ki te mākete o raro, arā, te “whakaputa hiko hei ratonga”; me whakatairite a Aotearoa i te utu o te ngāwari; ā, me eke ngā moutere o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa i te ia o te horahanga hangarau o te ao, hei tūhura i ngā mahere pūngao ranu e taea te utu. Ko te mea tino nui, ehara i te tautohe mō te “whakapapa” o te whakaputa hiko hau, engari, i ia wāhanga whakamahinga, me whakapiri atu ki ngā herenga āhuarangi wā-roa o te motu, me te whatunga haumaru whakarato hiko ā-rohe. E rere ana te moni kapita o te ao ki ngā mākete katoa e āhei ana te whakatika tere i te kore hiko; ka taea rānei e Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa te hopu i tēnei matapihi whakatakotoranga, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mārama o ngā kaupapa here me te kohikohinga o ngā pūkenga hangahanga ā-rohe.I runga i ngā pūrongo tūmatanui a Enlit World (te puna tohutoro), he whakawhānuitanga tirohanga a-rohe motuhake tēnei tuhinga, ā, ehara i te whakatairanga i ngā kamupene, i ngā hangarau ranei e pā ana.